Haplogroup X is mitochondrial DNA….maternal-line genetic code passed from mother to child. Two main branches: •X1 — North Africa & Near East •X2 — Near East, Caucasus, parts of Europe And then there’s X2a, here in ancient North America.

X2a is absent in Siberia and almost all of East Asia….the regions long assumed to feed the first migrations into the Americas. Yet it’s found in some of the earliest North American lineages, especially in the Great Lakes, Northeast, and parts of the Southwest.

This isn’t a recent arrival: •Kennewick Man (~8,500 years BP) — Washington State — X2a •Hopewell burials (~2,000 years BP) — Great Lakes mound culture — X2a •Ancestral Puebloan remains (~1,300 years BP) — Southwest — X2a BP = “Before Present,” counted from the year 1950.

Today, X2a appears in several Indigenous groups, including the Ojibwe, Sioux, Nuu-chah-nulth, Navajo, and Yakama. It’s rare….but it’s a direct link to maternal lines that stretch back thousands of years on this continent.

How could it have arrived? •Multiple migrations into the Americas, not just one wave through Beringia •An early coastal migration now lost to rising seas •Long-term isolation in Beringia preserving rare DNA •Or the North Atlantic ice-edge route….debated, and X2a alone

Genetics show X2a split from its Old World relatives over 12,000 years ago….before the last glacial melt. That means it was already separate long before the migrations we’ve been taught as the whole story.

Haplogroup X doesn’t prove one migration theory. But it leaves a gap: Why is a Near Eastern Mediterranean lineage in the earliest North Americans, yet absent in the regions we thought they came from? Every answer raises a harder question. What’s yours?

@MoundLore Solutrean hypothesis?

@TaxBrah What many jump to first.

@MoundLore Of course the Mormons start show for ANYTHING that might help justify their wacky belief complex!

@MoundLore I can’t believe how many knots Mormons tie their brains into, to try and debunk real science to protect their dogma.

@MoundLore @grok what is your take on this thread?

@MoundLore @BasedMikeLee @SunWeatherMan Disaster cycle related?

@MoundLore So Europeans aren't colonizers in America after all, they are just coming home.

@MoundLore That’s an easy one. Tower of Babel. When the land was split into separate continents

@MoundLore @BasedMikeLee To put it in terms that the left understands: it means there was a genocide of indigenous people by modern Indian colonizers.

@MoundLore Tower of Babel. God confounded the language and scattered people around the earth.

@MoundLore @grok what are some possible theories based on first principles thinking?

@MoundLore There were Europeans in North America a long time before the Land Bridge theory suggests people were here.

@MoundLore Across the Atlantic obviously. If you'd used a different map it would have been obvious.

@MoundLore Yep Beringia First is a bogus theory. Americas were populated long long before our current accepted timeline.

@MoundLore Because they went the other way around. 🙄

@MoundLore It happened during Pangea. The powers that be just don't want us to know that

@MoundLore Some copper from the ancient Middle East has been traced to Minnesota through the isotopes.

@MoundLore That's easy, they came across the Bermuda Triangle Land Bridge. /s

@MoundLore The coastal route supplied the DNA a bet from circa 36ky-32ky sites inland a ways on Kamchatka Beringia named for land north BeringStrait dry, the megafauna hung out in central & migrated E-W to Siberia, wintered there in refugia The footprints at @WhiteSandsNPS are ~22,000

@MoundLore Boats, with sea-faring people on them. The Natives even talk about them.

@MoundLore It's possible that our "alien observers" transported groups of humans to different places to insure that the small human population would survive any local 'wipeout'. It depends on 'alien ethics' that may vary slightly from one planet to another, i.e. ranging from "don't

@MoundLore @DennisBowden18 you might find this interesting

@MoundLore They came before the expansion of the Neanderthals in Europe and western Siberia and have no Neanderthal dna unlike Europeans who have 2% Neanderthal DNA So over 200,000 years ago minimum

@MoundLore See that bit in Russia @grok or any other AI or genetic Geography minded thinkers. Which Mtdna exists now and why.